Battle of Berezina

Date and place

• November 27th and 28th, 1812 near the Berezina River (now Belarus).

Involved forces

• French army (49,000 men fighting and 40,000 late) under Emperor Napoleon I. 
• Russian army under Tzar Alexander I, Generals Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov and Peter Wittgenstein, and Admiral Pavel Vasilievich Chichagov. 

Casualties and losses

• Grande Armée: 30,000 to 45,000 men (most of them have not been direct victims of the fighting or even have not participated). 
• Russian Army: more than 10,000 soldiers. 

Mystified by Napoleon's maneuvers, the Russians engaged in the Battle of the Berezina after the bulk of the French army had already crossed the river and escaped the trap in which the enemy thought french troups were locked up. Despite its victory, the Grande Armée left behind tens of thousands of exhausted and demoralized stragglers who had waited too long to cross.

General situation

The army of Napoleon I, in retreat after the disastrous Russian Campaign, saw on November 23, 1812 its route blocked by the Berezina [Бярэзіна], a marshy river. The Russian troops intended to push the French against this obstacle and annihilate them.

Salvation came through the very rapid construction of two bridges facing the village of Studianka [Студзёнка] [54.32604, 28.35336], 15 kilometers upstream of the city of Borissov [Барысаў] [54.245223, 28.50443], by the pontonniers of General Jean-Baptiste Éblé, most of whom succumbing to this work in the icy water.

The Grande Armée began crossing the Berezina River from the 26th in the early afternoon, despite the opposition of the three Russian armies commanded respectively by:

1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (Михаил Илларионович Голенищев- Кутузов)
2. Pyotr Christianovich Wittgenstein (Пётр Христиа́нович Ви́тгенштейн) 
3. Pavel Vasilievich Chichagov (Па́вел Васи́льевич Чича́гов) 

The battle

The Russians attacked on the 28th, but faced fierce resistance, in particular from the men of Marshal Victor, Duke of Belluno and the horsemen of General François Louis Fournier-Sarlovèze .

The night saw several thousand men crossing, but Eblé had to destroy the bridges on the morning of the 29th, to protect the retreat, while many stragglers still remained on the left bank.

Aftermath

The crossing of the Bérézina by the French was an undeniable military success, but the name of this river has become synonymous in France with rout, even disaster, due to the importance of the losses suffered: of the order of forty- five thousand dead or prisoners.